{"id":566,"date":"2013-03-05T14:52:42","date_gmt":"2013-03-05T14:52:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uit-ci.org\/index.php\/2013\/03\/05\/hace-60-anos-moria-stalin\/"},"modified":"2025-07-28T20:35:08","modified_gmt":"2025-07-28T20:35:08","slug":"hace-60-anos-moria-stalin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uit-ci.org\/index.php\/2013\/03\/05\/hace-60-anos-moria-stalin\/","title":{"rendered":"Stalin: El hombre que traicion\u00f3 al leninismo y la revoluci\u00f3n"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"PostdamEl hombre que traicion\u00f3 al leninismo y la revoluci\u00f3n (English version)<\/em><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

El 5 de marzo de 1953, v\u00edctima de una hemorragia cerebral, falleci\u00f3 uno de los hombres m\u00e1s poderosos del siglo XX. La URSS y su \u00abesfera de influencia\u00bb ya no existen. El debate sobre el papel de Jos\u00e9 Stalin mantiene total vigencia para los revolucionarios del siglo XXI.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

En 1953, la URSS (Uni\u00f3n de Rep\u00fablicas Socialistas Sovi\u00e9ticas), el pa\u00eds m\u00e1s extenso del mundo, era la segunda potencia industrial y se preparaba para disputarle la conquista del cosmos a los Estados Unidos. Hasta entonces, para la \u00abhistoria oficial\u00bb del Partido Comunista de la Uni\u00f3n Sovi\u00e9tica (PCUS) y sus agencias, que dominaban Europa Oriental, estos logros se deb\u00edan a la obra de un hombre: el \u00abpadrecito\u00bb Stalin. Apenas tres a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s, el nuevo secretario general del PCUS, Nikita Kruschev, hac\u00eda un \u00abinforme secreto\u00bb contra Stalin y se iniciaba una \u00abdesestalinizaci\u00f3n\u00bb. En ambos casos, la burocracia ment\u00eda al pueblo sovi\u00e9tico y trabajadores del mundo, para conservar sus privilegios y la convivencia con el imperialismo.<\/p>\n

El ascenso de Stalin al poder<\/strong><\/p>\n

A mediados de la d\u00e9cada del 20 se produjeron en la joven URSS cambios muy profundos. En 1917 se hab\u00eda logrado el triunfo del primer gobierno obrero y campesino de la historia, apoyado en la movilizaci\u00f3n de los trabajadores y el pueblo de Rusia y las nacionalidades oprimidos por el zarismo. Se asentaba en los soviets, la democracia obrera y la conducci\u00f3n revolucionaria e internacionalista del Partido Bolchevique. El inmenso sacrificio que permiti\u00f3 al pueblo sovi\u00e9tico ganar una cruenta guerra civil dej\u00f3 al pa\u00eds devastado. En Europa, en particular en Alemania, la traici\u00f3n de la socialdemocracia impidi\u00f3 nuevos triunfos de la revoluci\u00f3n socialista.<\/p>\n

En ese marco, mientras se agravaba su quebrantada salud, Lenin comenz\u00f3 una dura batalla contra la burocratizaci\u00f3n del Estado y el partido. Su apoyo fundamental en el Bur\u00f3 Pol\u00edtico era Le\u00f3n Trotsky. El jefe de la naciente burocracia era Jos\u00e9 Stalin.<\/p>\n

Favorecido por la muerte de Lenin, Stalin logr\u00f3 el control del aparato burocr\u00e1tico. En 1924 se inici\u00f3 un curso de contrarrevoluci\u00f3n pol\u00edtica, que se sintetiz\u00f3 en la f\u00f3rmula nefasta \u00abel socialismo en un solo pa\u00eds\u00bb. Apoy\u00e1ndose en el cansancio de las masas sovi\u00e9ticas, el aparato burocr\u00e1tico logr\u00f3 derrotar a Trotsky y la oposici\u00f3n de izquierda.<\/p>\n

La regresi\u00f3n pol\u00edtica se asent\u00f3 en la instauraci\u00f3n de una f\u00e9rrea dictadura. En los a\u00f1os 30 reinaba en la URSS un r\u00e9gimen represivo que impuso un genocidio, con millones de perseguidos, deportados a campos de concentraci\u00f3n y muertos. Los \u00abprocesos de Mosc\u00fa\u00bb dieron lugar al fusilamiento de lo que quedaba de la vieja direcci\u00f3n bolchevique. Trotsky fue asesinado en el exilio en 1940 por un agente de Stalin. Igualmente nefasta era la pol\u00edtica de conciliaci\u00f3n con las burgues\u00edas, llamada \u00abfrente popular\u00bb, y la sustituci\u00f3n del partido leninista por su caricatura, el \u00abcentralismo burocr\u00e1tico\u00bb estalinista.<\/p>\n

La URSS en la posguerra<\/p>\n

Gracias al colosal esfuerzo del Ej\u00e9rcito Rojo y el pueblo sovi\u00e9tico, que les cost\u00f3 20 millones de muertos, la URSS cumpli\u00f3 un papel protag\u00f3nico en la segunda guerra mundial para aplastar al nazismo (v\u00e9ase A 70 a\u00f1os del triunfo de Stalingrado<\/a>). Stalin pudo fortalecer su figura adjudic\u00e1ndose los m\u00e9ritos de ese logro. Y encabez\u00f3 personalmente los pactos que firm\u00f3 con Inglaterra y Estados Unidos para establecer un reparto del mundo en los marcos del dominio imperialista. Se fijaron las \u00abesferas de influencia\u00bb de la posguerra. La burocracia sovi\u00e9tica extendi\u00f3 su poder\u00edo instaurando reg\u00edmenes semejantes al de la URSS en el Este de Europa, las \u00abdemocracias populares\u00bb. A partir de 1949 se fortaleci\u00f3 a\u00fan m\u00e1s por el triunfo de la revoluci\u00f3n socialista en China, bajo la conducci\u00f3n del Partido Comunista y Mao Tse Tung.<\/p>\n

A comienzos de los a\u00f1os 50, en un tercio de la humanidad se hab\u00eda expropiado a la burgues\u00eda, con reg\u00edmenes totalitarios. Stalin era el supremo dictador del as\u00ed llamado \u00absocialismo real\u00bb. Pero las masas sovi\u00e9ticas hab\u00edan comenzado a reponerse del esfuerzo b\u00e9lico y se iniciaba un nuevo ascenso, que provoc\u00f3 reacomodamientos y temores en las c\u00fapulas de la burocracia.<\/p>\n

La muerte de Stalin le vino bien a la burocracia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Aun hoy se sigue comentando si Stalin tuvo realmente un accidente cerebro vascular o fue envenenado. Todo ser\u00eda posible en las bambalinas del poder estalinista y, en \u00faltima instancia, tiene poca o ninguna importancia. El hecho es que 1953 fue un a\u00f1o convulsionado por nuevos hechos de rebeli\u00f3n de las masas. Dentro de la URSS se produjeron las grandes huelgas de los campos de concentraci\u00f3n de Vorkuta y Kazajst\u00e1n. Y en Berl\u00edn Oriental, por primera vez hubo una importante huelga obrera que fue aplastada por el ocupante Ej\u00e9rcito Rojo.<\/p>\n

Los dos lugartenientes principales de Stalin eran Gregory Malenkov y Laurent Beria, que pretend\u00edan mantenerse en lo alto de la c\u00fapula. No pudieron. Beria, jefe de los siniestros servicios secretos, fue fusilado en diciembre. El nuevo secretario general, Nikita Kruschev, iba consolidando sus manejos y su poder. En 1955 fue destituido Malenkov.<\/p>\n

\"En<\/p>\n

Para dar una v\u00e1lvula de escape a los reclamos crecientes contra la dictadura, la burocracia encontr\u00f3 su chivo expiatorio: el fallecido Stalin. En febrero de 1956, con un informe sorprendente y repentino de Kruschev, se le atribuyeron \u00aberrores\u00bb y un injustificable \u00abculto a la personalidad\u00bb (v\u00e9ase El Socialista N\u00ba 23<\/a>). No hubo ning\u00fan tipo de replanteo o cr\u00edtica a las pol\u00edticas de acuerdo con el imperialismo y las burgues\u00edas, que llevaban a la derrota o al estancamiento a las revoluciones. El \u00fanico tema \u00abpol\u00edtico\u00bb fue reivindicar como gran m\u00e9rito de Stalin su persecuci\u00f3n al \u00abtrotskismo\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Este \u00abcambiar para que nada cambie\u00bb tuvo su confirmaci\u00f3n en octubre de 1956, cuando el Ej\u00e9rcito Rojo aplast\u00f3 a sangre y fuego a los trabajadores h\u00fangaros que reclamaban socialismo sin ej\u00e9rcito ocupante y represi\u00f3n. De todos modos, para mantener la \u00abdesestalinizaci\u00f3n\u00bb, en 1961 el f\u00e9retro de Stalin fue removido del lugar de m\u00e1ximo honor que ocupaba en el mausoleo central junto a Lenin y reubicado en las murallas del Kremlin.<\/p>\n

60 a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hoy d\u00eda pr\u00e1cticamente nadie niega el car\u00e1cter desp\u00f3tico del r\u00e9gimen de Stalin y han seguido saliendo a la luz sus rasgos genocidas, que Trotsky denunci\u00f3 en los a\u00f1os 30. Se alimenta as\u00ed la versi\u00f3n de los imperialistas y la socialdemocracia de que la URSS simplemente fue una siniestra dictadura totalitaria \u00abheredera del leninismo\u00bb. En un sentido opuesto, algunas voces de \u00abizquierda\u00bb lo siguen justificando a Stalin y a sus cr\u00edmenes, con la argumentaci\u00f3n descabellada de que era el \u00fanico camino para que avanzara el \u00absocialismo\u00bb posible. Al mismo tiempo, como la expropiaci\u00f3n de la burgues\u00eda ha sido revertida y se restableci\u00f3 la explotaci\u00f3n capitalista imperialista en todo el planeta, muchas voces sacan la conclusi\u00f3n de que fracas\u00f3 ese falso \u00absocialismo\u00bb porque hubo un equivocado \u00abestatismo\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Para desarrollar estos debates, es imprescindible recordar la lucha de Lenin, Trotsky y la oposici\u00f3n de izquierda para impedir el triunfo y consolidaci\u00f3n del aparato burocr\u00e1tico que encabez\u00f3 Stalin. Trotsky sosten\u00eda que ser\u00eda inexorable el fracaso de la burocracia si se manten\u00eda en el poder, ya que ir\u00eda transformando su capitulaci\u00f3n al imperialismo en la directa restauraci\u00f3n del capitalismo. Solo con una nueva revoluci\u00f3n, que aplastara a la burocracia y retomara el camino inicial de lucha consecuente contra la burgues\u00eda y el imperialismo, de independencia de clase y democracia obrera, se podr\u00eda haber salvado a la URSS. Sigue pendiente la lucha por el triunfo de la revoluci\u00f3n socialista y la reconstrucci\u00f3n de la direcci\u00f3n obrera e internacionalista que la encabece.<\/p>\n

\n

La \u00abs\u00edfilis\u00bb del movimiento obrero mundial<\/strong><\/p>\n

En pocas palabras, as\u00ed sol\u00eda referirse Nahuel Moreno a los partidos comunistas estalinistas. Desde 1953 se\u00f1alaba que la muerte de Stalin no modific\u00f3 el m\u00e1s grave problema de la humanidad, derrotar a la burocracia y superar la crisis de direcci\u00f3n instalada en los a\u00f1os 20. Esa es la raz\u00f3n de ser de la lucha de Trotsky y el trotskismo revolucionario.<\/p>\n

Moreno hac\u00eda una sistem\u00e1tica contraposici\u00f3n entre leninismo y estalinismo. Dec\u00eda en 1957, comentando la \u00abunanimidad\u00bb burocr\u00e1tica: \u00abEste siniestro r\u00e9gimen totalitario [estalinista] no tiene nada que ver con el verdadero leninismo, con el comunismo. Con Lenin ocurr\u00eda exactamente lo opuesto: no hubo un solo problema importante -desde si se hac\u00eda la revoluci\u00f3n hasta la guerra contra Polonia- que se haya resuelto por unanimidad. Jam\u00e1s hab\u00eda unanimidad. Lenin fue repetidas veces derrotado, pese a que la guerra civil y la defensa ante el ataque imperialista de veinti\u00fan naciones impusieron enormes restricciones a las libertades democr\u00e1ticas obreras. La tendencia de los leninistas era, precisamente, llegar a una democracia como jam\u00e1s conoci\u00f3 la humanidad.\u00bb*<\/p>\n

El r\u00e9gimen inaugurado por Stalin, y que lo sobrevivi\u00f3, hasta que finalmente las masas sovi\u00e9ticas acabaron con \u00e9l, fue uno de los m\u00e1s horrorosos que jam\u00e1s conoci\u00f3 la humanidad.<\/p>\n

* \u00abEl marco hist\u00f3rico de la revoluci\u00f3n h\u00fangara\u00bb. V\u00e9ase Escritos de revoluci\u00f3n pol\u00edtica, en www.nahuelmoreno.org<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

\"Potsdam60 years ago Stalin died<\/strong><\/p>\n

The man who betrayed Leninism and the revolution<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

By Mercedes Petit, Izquierda Socialista<\/em><\/p>\n

On March 5, 1953, victim of a brain haemorrhage, died one of the most powerful men of the twentieth century. The USSR and its \u00absphere of influence\u00bb no longer exist. The debate on the role of Joseph Stalin remains fully valid for XXI century revolutionaries.<\/p>\n

In 1953, the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), the largest country in the world, was the second industrial power and prepared to dispute the conquest of the cosmos to the United States. Until then, according to the \u00abofficial history\u00bb of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and its agencies, which dominated Eastern Europe, these achievements were due to the work of one man: the \u00ablittle father\u00bb Stalin. Just three years later, the new general secretary of the CPSU, Nikita Khrushchev, issued a \u00absecret report\u00bb against Stalin and launched a \u00abde-Stalinization\u00bb. In both cases, the bureaucracy was lying to the Soviet people and workers of the world to preserve their privileges and coexistence with imperialism.<\/p>\n

Stalin’s rise to power<\/strong><\/p>\n

In the mid-1920s very profound changes occurred in the young USSR. In 1917 they achieved the victory of the first workers and peasants’ government in history, supported by the mobilization of the workers and the people of Russia and the nationalities oppressed by tsarism. It was supported by the soviets, workers democracy and revolutionary and internationalist leadership of the Bolshevik Party. The immense sacrifice that allowed the Soviet people to win a bloody civil war had left the country devastated. In Europe, particularly in Germany, the betrayal of social democracy prevented new triumphs of the socialist revolution.<\/p>\n

In this context, while his failing health was worsening, Lenin began a tough battle against the bureaucratization of the state and the party. His key support in the Politburo was Leon Trotsky. The head of the nascent bureaucracy was Joseph Stalin.<\/p>\n

Favored by the death of Lenin, Stalin gained control of the bureaucracy. In 1924 he began a course of political counterrevolution, which was synthesized in the pernicious formula \u00absocialism in one country\u00bb. Relying on the fatigue of the soviet masses, the bureaucracy managed to defeat Trotsky and the Left Opposition.<\/p>\n

The political regression was settled in the establishment of a harsh dictatorship. In the 1930s in the USSR ruled a repressive regime that imposed a genocide, with millions of persecuted, deported to concentration camps and killed. The \u00abMoscow trials\u00bb led to the shooting of what remained of the old Bolshevik leadership. Trotsky was assassinated in exile in 1940 by an agent of Stalin. Equally ominous was the policy of conciliation with the bourgeoisie, called \u00abpopular front\u00bb and the substitution of the Leninist party by its caricature, the Stalinist \u00abbureaucratic centralism\u00bb.<\/p>\n

The USSR in the postwar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Thanks to the colossal efforts of the Red Army and the Soviet people, which cost them 20 million dead, the USSR played a leading role in the Second World War to crush the Nazis. Stalin was able to strengthen his figure awarding himself the merits of that achievement. And he personally spearheaded the agreements he signed with Britain and the United States to establish a division of the world within the framework of imperialist domination. Postwar \u00abspheres of influence\u00bb were established. The Soviet bureaucracy extended its power by establishing regimes similar to that of the USSR in Eastern Europe, the \u00abpeople’s democracies.\u00bb From 1949 he was further strengthened by the victory of the socialist revolution in China, under the leadership of the Communist Party and Mao Tse Tung.<\/p>\n

In the early 1950s, in a third of humanity the bourgeoisie had been expropriated, with totalitarian regimes. Stalin was the supreme dictator of the so-called \u00abreal socialism\u00bb. But the Soviet masses had begun to recover from the war effort and there was beginning a new rise in struggles, prompting rearrangements and fears in the top echelon of the bureaucracy.<\/p>\n

Stalin’s death suited the bureaucracy<\/strong><\/p>\n

Even today commentators argue whether Stalin really had a stroke or was poisoned. Everything would be possible in the corridors of Stalinist power and, ultimately, has little or no importance. The fact is that 1953 was a year rocked by new acts of mass rebellion. Within the USSR there were the great strikes of the concentration camps of Vorkuta and Kazakhstan. And in East Berlin, for the first time, there was a major labor strike which was crushed by the occupying Red Army.<\/p>\n

Stalin’s two main lieutenants were Gregory Malenkov and Laurent Beria, who sought to remain at the top of the dome. They could not. Beria, head of the sinister secret services, was shot in December. The new general secretary, Nikita Khrushchev, was consolidating his maneuverings and power. Malenkov was ousted in 1955.<\/p>\n

\"InTo provide an exhaust valve for the growing claims against the dictatorship, the bureaucracy found their scapegoat: the late Stalin. In February 1956, with a surprising and sudden report of Khrushchev, he was attributed with \u00abmistakes\u00bb and an unjustifiable \u00abcult of personality\u00bb. There wasn’t any kind of rethinking or criticism to the policies of agreement with imperialism and the bourgeoisies, leading to the defeat or stalemate to revolutions. The only \u00abpolitical\u00bb issue was to give Stalin great merit for his persecution of \u00abTrotskyism\u00bb.<\/p>\n

This \u00abchange so that nothing changes\u00bb was confirmed in October 1956, when the Red Army crushed in blood and fire Hungarian workers who claimed socialism without an occupying army or repression. Anyway, to keep the \u00abde-Stalinization\u00bb, in 1961 Stalin’s coffin was removed from the place of maximum honor that was occupying in the central mausoleum next to Lenin and relocated to the Kremlin walls.<\/p>\n

60 Years later<\/strong><\/p>\n

Today virtually no one denies the despotic nature of Stalin’s regime and the genocidal traits that Trotsky denounced in the 1930s have continued coming to light. Thus it is fed the version of the imperialists and social democracy that the USSR was just a sinister totalitarian dictatorship \u00abheir of Leninism.\u00bb From an opposite direction, some voices of the \u00ableft\u00bb continue to justify Stalin and his crimes, with the preposterous argument that it was the only way to advance \u00absocialism\u00bb. At the same time, as the expropriation of the bourgeoisie has been reversed and reinstated the imperialist capitalist exploitation around the world, many voices draw the conclusion that this false \u00absocialism\u00bb failed because there was a mistaken \u00abstatism.\u00bb<\/p>\n

To develop these debates, it is indispensable to remember the struggle of Lenin, Trotsky and the Left Opposition to prevent the victory and consolidation of the bureaucratic apparatus led by Stalin. Trotsky argued that failure of the bureaucracy would be inevitable if they remained in power, since they would transform their capitulation to imperialism in the direct restoration of capitalism. Only with a new revolution, crushing the bureaucracy and retaking the initial path of consistent struggle against the bourgeoisie and imperialism, of class independence and workers democracy, the USSR could have been saved. Still pending is the struggle for the victory of the socialist revolution and the reconstruction of working and internationalist leadership to spearhead it.<\/p>\n

\n

The \u00absyphilis\u00bb of the global labor movement<\/strong><\/p>\n

Thus, in a nutshell, Nahuel Moreno used to refer to the Stalinist communist parties. Since 1953 he stated that the death of Stalin did not alter the most serious problem of mankind, to defeat the bureaucracy and overcome the crisis of leadership installed in the 1920s. This it is the raison d’\u00eatre of the struggle of Trotsky and revolutionary Trotskyism.<\/p>\n

Moreno made systematic opposition between Leninism and Stalinism. He said in 1957, commenting on bureaucratic \u00abunanimity\u00bb \u00abThis sinister [Stalinist] totalitarian regime has nothing to do with the true Leninism, with communism. With Lenin exactly the opposite happened: there was not a single major problem \u2013 from whether to do the revolution or go to war against Poland \u2013 which was resolved unanimously. There was never unanimity. Lenin was repeatedly defeated, in spite of the civil war and the defense against imperialist attack of twenty one nations had imposed enormous restrictions on democratic freedoms of the workers. The goal of the Leninists was precisely to reach a democracy as mankind had never known.\u00bb<\/p>\n

The regime inaugurated by Stalin, and that survived him, until finally the Soviet masses finished with it, was one of the most horrifying ever known to humanity.<\/p>\n

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El hombre que traicion\u00f3 al leninismo y la revoluci\u00f3n (English version) El 5 de marzo de 1953, v\u00edctima de una hemorragia cerebral, falleci\u00f3 uno de los hombres m\u00e1s poderosos del siglo XX. La URSS y su \u00abesfera de influencia\u00bb ya no existen. El debate sobre el papel de Jos\u00e9 Stalin mantiene total vigencia para los […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":564,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[34,65],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uit-ci.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/566"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uit-ci.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uit-ci.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uit-ci.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uit-ci.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=566"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/uit-ci.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/566\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22979,"href":"https:\/\/uit-ci.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/566\/revisions\/22979"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uit-ci.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/564"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uit-ci.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=566"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uit-ci.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=566"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uit-ci.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=566"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}