Casi no hubo líder de la política mundial imperialista y hasta del empresariado mundial, que no expresara una gran admiración por el recientemente fallecido líder sudafricano Nelson Mandela. En la época del Apartheid, muchos de ellos hubieran apoyado su encarcelamiento. Que ahora le rindan honores también muestra los dos rostros de la trayectoria de Mandela. El de la lucha revolucionaria contra el régimen racista y el posterior, de sostén del capitalismo en Sudáfrica.
Escribe Miguel Lamas. El Socialista 12/12/13, de Izquierda Socialista, Argentina
Todos lo elogian porque, dicen, supo «reconciliar» a blancos y negros en Sudáfrica.
Pero no todos lo lloran por el mismo motivo. La mayoría negra (el 80% de sus 50 millones de habitantes) venera a Mandela como libertador, héroe nacional que encabezó la lucha contra el siniestro régimen racista del apartheid.
El apartheid
El régimen del Apartheid (separación) fue impuesto por la minoría blanca colonialista descendiente de ingleses y holandeses que habían colonizado el país desde el siglo XVII. Los negros no tenían derecho al voto, no podían entrar a los barrios blancos, ni a hoteles, escuelas, hospitales o transportes «para blancos». En 300 años de colonialismo habían sido despojados de casi todo: la mejor tierra y la propiedad de las minas y fábricas estaba (y sigue estando) en manos de los blancos. A los negros se les reservó el rol de mano de obra barata.
Por liderar la lucha revolucionaria nacionalista negra, al frente del Consejo Nacional Africano (CNA), Mandela fue encarcelado durante 27 años, desde 1963 a 1990, entre los 44 a los 72 años de edad. La rebelión de los negros, encabezada por el CNA y la central obrera COSATU, que incluyó resistencia armada, fue sangrientamente reprimida, miles de activistas negros fueron encarcelados, torturados y asesinados. La rebelión no se detuvo y logró apoyo mundial, de los pueblos africanos y de los afronorteamericanos, que lograron un boicot planetario contra el régimen racista. Mandela, al frente del CNA, fue el gran dirigente de esa revolución para destruir la dictadura del apartheid. Por ese hecho Mandela fue amado por su pueblo. Sin embargo, y con la influencia del Partido Comunista Sudafricano y del castrismo, ya decía que su objetivo no era la revolución socialista.
Cae el apartheid
En 1990 el régimen del apartheid estaba aislado internacionalmente, y ante una rebelión negra imparable. En 1990 Mandela, aún preso, pidió reunirse con Fréderick Le Klerk, el jefe del gobierno racista, y le propuso un acuerdo para que lo liberaran de la cárcel, suprimir el régimen del apartheid, convocar a elecciones en base a «un hombre, un voto», la consigna democrática negra. A cambio, Mandela se comprometió a garantizar la propiedad de los blancos y a dejar impune su genocidio contra los negros. Mandela le explicó a Le Klerk que esa era la única forma de «reconciliar» a blancos y negros, y que, de no aceptar ese acuerdo, la revolución negra sería imparable y los capitalistas racistas blancos perderían todo. Le Klerk aceptó el acuerdo.
La caída del apartheid no fue una generosa concesión de Le Klerk, sino un triunfo revolucionario de las masas negras. Pero, con el acuerdo con Mandela, consiguen impedir el desarrollo de la revolución hasta su culminación, que significaba expropiar tierras y minas que los colonialistas blancos habían robado al pueblo negro. Impiden el triunfo de una revolución socialista. El acuerdo fue una traición a esa lucha. Así, Mandela y el CNA en el gobierno, juegan el mismo rol que en Nicaragua el sandinismo cuando derribó a Somoza en 1979, o Chávez en Venezuela, Evo Morales en Bolivia, el PT de Lula en Brasil. Al ser direcciones partidarias de la conciliación de clases, de mantener el capitalismo, de ser «socios de las transnacionales» (como dice Evo Morales), traicionan los objetivos sociales de la revolución, pactando con los capitalistas. En el caso de Sudáfrica con los capitalistas blancos.
El CNA gana las elecciones
Así fue que en 1994 el CNA ganó las elecciones llevando a Nelson Mandela a la presidencia, quien incluyó en su gobierno al antiguo jefe racista Fréderick Le Klerk.
Una minoría de capitalistas negros, la mayoría de ellos nuevos ricos dirigentes del CNA, pudieron acceder a los lugares antes prohibidos. Pero prácticamente no hubo modificaciones respecto del poder económico monopolizado por los blancos que siguen dueños de las tierras, las minas, fábricas y grandes cadenas comerciales. Llegándose a la Sudáfrica de hoy, un país con igualdad legal, pero con la mayor desigualdad social del mundo, con un 50% de pobres (casi todos negros) y un 12% de población con sida.
El propio gobierno de Mandela comienza a aplicar un duro plan neoliberal. Los negros que antes no accedían a hospitales o escuelas para blancos, ahora tampoco pueden hacerlo. Porque fueron privatizados y su precio es prohibitivo. En 1999 termina el mandato de Mandela y se retira. Los presidentes que lo suceden, también del CNA, Thabo Mbeki y luego el actual Jacob Zuma, profundizaron el modelo capitalista neoliberal.
La «reconciliación» fracasó
En el funeral de Mandela el actual presidente negro Jacob Zuma, del partido de Mandela, fue abucheado. El desastre social producido por el capitalismo, que sigue dominado por los blancos, lleva otra vez a la mayoría negra a una nueva revolución. Así lo muestran las grandes huelgas de los dos últimos años. Una huelga emblemática fue la de la mina de platino Marikana, el año pasado, donde fueron asesinados 34 mineros por policías negros comandados por blancos. La imagen estremeció al país, porque parecía sacada de los tiempos del apartheid. El fuerte movimiento obrero negro se está reorganizando y en muchos sindicatos se abrió una dura lucha contra la burocracia sindical que responde al CNA.
Este año, durante dos meses, hubo centenares de miles de trabajadores en huelga, en la construcción, metalúrgicos, mineros y empleados públicos. El NUMSA, sindicato metalúrgico con 400.000 trabajadores, encabezó una de las huelgas más duras y amenazó con retirar el apoyo al gobierno en las próximas elecciones. Este sólo hecho abre la discusión sobre la necesidad de una alternativa política de los trabajadores para encabezar una nueva revolución socialista que liquide el poder capitalista en Sudáfrica.
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